CAUSES

Atopic eczema i.e.:

• Hereditary
• Irritants- e.g. soap, detergents, shampoo Etc.
• Environmental allergens- for example, cold dry weather, dampness, dust, mites etc.
• Food allergies
• Hormonal changes
• Skin infection 

Discoid eczema i.e.:

• Infective organisms
• Hereditary
• Skin infection, etc. 

Hand eczema i.e.:

• Irritants
• Fungal infection
• Skin infections 

Seborrheic eczema i.e.:

• In brief, Overgrowth of Pittosporum ovale (also called Malassezia furfur in its hyphal form) cutaneous immune response to this yeast produces the characteristic inflammation and scaling of seborrheic eczema. 

Venous eczema i.e.:

• The exact cause remains unknown but it has been suggested that venous hypertension causes endothelial hyperplasia
• In detail, Extravasation of red and white blood cells which in turn causes inflammation, purpura and pigmentation.

Asteatotic eczema i.e.:

• Repeated use of soaps
• Hypothyroidism 

Contact eczema – irritant i.e.:

• Environmental irritants

Contact eczema – allergic i.e.:

• Occurs after repeated exposure to a chemical substance

Photosensitive eczema i.e.:

• Light in the ultraviolet (in other words, UV) part of the spectrum
• UVB and UVA

Lichen simplex/nodular prurigo i.e.:

• Chronic scratching or rubbing in the absence of an underlying dermatosis. 

• Infection of bacteria
• Viral infections
• Multiple small blisters
• Pyrexia
• Malaise

• Cataract

• Skin is affected from any Allergens. Additionally, It penetrates into the skin.
• Furthermore, Inflammation of skin take place, Skin becomes itchy and Patient starts to scratch his/her skin, Scratching damages the skin barrier so again the allergen is penetrated into the skin
• This process is taken place again also again therefore the more area is affected.

1. Endogenous:

• Atopic
• Discoid
• Hand
• Seborrheic
• Venous (i.e. ‘gravitational’)
• Asteatotic

2. Exogenous:

• Contact– irritant
• Contact– allergic
• Photosensitive
• Lichen simplex/nodular prurigo 

Atopic Eczema

i.e.:

• Generally, Itchy erythematous scaly patches in front of the elbows and ankles, behind the knees, around the neck.
• Acute lesions
• Small vesicles
• Besides this, Scratching can produce excoriations
• Repeated rubbing produces skin thickening
• Pitting and ridging of the nails.

Discoid eczema i.e.:

• Scaly patches on the limbs
• Infection of bacteria
• Vesicles

Hand eczema i.e.:

• Itchy vesicles
• Blisters on the palm also Fingers
• Erythematous scaling
• Hyperkeratosis of the palms
• Most marked at the finger tips.

Seborrheic eczema i.e.:

• Basically, Affects body sites rich in sebaceous glands
• In child Yellowish, greasy, thick crusts are seen on the scalp
• In child scaly rash can be seen over the trunk
• In detail, In adult scaling along the sides of the nose
• In adult It may affect the skin over the sternum groins, also the glans penis
• Overall, In elder people involve large areas of the body and even cause erythroderma.

Venous eczema i.e.:

• Occur in older people
• Appears on the lower legs around the ankles.
• Brownish pigmentation
• Either Venous leg ulcer or varicose veins may be present.

Asteatotic eczema i.e.:

• Dry plate-like cracking of the skin
• Occurs lower legs also the backs of the hands, especially in winter
• Itching

Contact eczema – irritant i.e.:

• Either Unusual or localized distribution
• Paches
• Irritation

Contact eczema – allergic i.e.:

• Occurs on the hands after repeated exposures to irritants
• Vesicles
• Blisters

Photosensitive eczema i.e.:

• Photosensitive rashes.
• Sites exposed to the sun’s rays, face, chest, the ears hands.

Lichen simplex/nodular prurigo i.e.:

• Itching
• increased either rubbing or scratching
• Emotional stress.

• Physical examination
• Allergy test to check allergies
• Skin biopsy

• In general, By high serum IgE levels
• Skin-prick testing
• Skin biopsy
• History
• Diagnosis is based on clinical findings e.g. onset in infancy
• Severe pruritus
• Blood tests
• Typical distribution, additionally morphology of lesions
• Either Personal or family history of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis or asthma.