In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first appear in their mid-60s. Estimates vary, but experts suggest that more than 5.5 million Americans may have Alzheimer’s.

It is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60 to 80 % of cases of dementia in the United States.

As symptoms worsen, it becomes harder for people to remember recent events, to reason, and to recognize people they know.

There is no treatment that cures Alzheimer’s disease or alters the disease process in the brain.

In advanced stages of the disease, complications from severe loss of brain function such as dehydration, malnutrition or infection result in death.

Scientists believe that for most people, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the brain over time.

Less than 1 percent of the time, Alzheimer’s is caused by specific genetic changes that virtually guarantee a person will develop the disease. These rare occurrences usually result in disease onset in middle age.

The exact causes of Alzheimer’s disease aren’t fully understood, but at its core are problems with brain proteins that fail to function normally, disrupt the work of brain cells (neurons) and unleash a series of toxic events.

Other causes

Neurons are damaged, lose connections to each other and eventually die.

The damage most often starts in the region of the brain that controls memory, but the process begins years before the first symptoms.

The loss of neurons spreads in a somewhat predictable pattern to other regions of the brains. By the late stage of the disease, the brain has shrunk significantly.

Researchers are focused on the role of two proteins:

Plaques:

Beta-amyloid is a leftover fragment of a larger protein. When these fragments cluster together, they appear to have a toxic effect on neurons and to disrupt cell-to-cell communication.

These clusters form larger deposits called amyloid plaques, which also include other cellular debris.

Tangles:

Tau proteins play a part in a neuron’s internal support and transport system to carry nutrients also other essential materials.

In Alzheimer’s disease, tau proteins change shape and organize themselves into structures called neurofibrillary tangles. The tangles disrupt the transport system and are toxic to cells.

Age i.e.:

Increasing age is the greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer’s is not a part of normal aging, but as you grow older the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease increases.

Family history and genetics i.e.:

Your risk of developing Alzheimer’s is somewhat higher if a first-degree relative – your parent or sibling has the disease.
Most genetic mechanisms of Alzheimer’s among families remain largely unexplained, similarly the genetic factors are likely complex.
One better understood genetic factor is a form of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE).
A variation of the gene, APOE e4, increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, but not everyone with this variation of the gene develops the disease.
Scientists have identified rare changes (mutations) in three genes that virtually guarantee a person who inherits one of them will develop Alzheimer’s. But these mutations account for less than 1 percent of people with Alzheimer’s disease.

Down syndrome i.e.:

Many people with Down syndrome develop Alzheimer’s disease.
This is likely related to having three copies of chromosome 21 and subsequently three copies of the gene for the protein that leads to the creation of beta-amyloid.
Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s tend to appear 10 to 20 years earlier in people with Down syndrome than they do for the general population.

Sex i.e.:

There appears to be little difference in risk between people of all genders, but, overall, there are more women with the disease because they generally live longer than men.

Mild cognitive impairment i.e.:

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a decline in memory or other thinking skills that is greater than what would be expected for a person’s age, but the decline doesn’t prevent a person from functioning in social or work environments.
People who have MCI have a significant risk of developing dementia.
When the primary MCI deficit is memory, the condition is more likely to progress to dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease.
A diagnosis of MCI enables the person to focus on healthy lifestyle changes, develop strategies to compensate for memory loss and schedule regular doctor appointments to monitor symptoms.

Past head trauma i.e.:

People who have had a severe head trauma have a greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Poor sleep patterns i.e.:

Research has shown that poor sleep patterns, such as difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Lifestyle and heart health i.e.:

Research has shown that the same risk factors associated with heart disease may also increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

These include i.e.:

Lack of exercise
Obesity
Either Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke or both
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

These factors can all be modified. Therefore, changing lifestyle habits can to some degree alter your risk.

Lifelong learning and social engagement i.e.:

Studies have found an association between lifelong involvement in mentally and socially stimulating activities and a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Low education levels less than a high school education appear to be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.

The two pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are

Extracellular beta-amyloid deposits (in senile plaques)
Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (paired helical filaments)

The beta-amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles lead to loss of synapses and neurons, which results in gross atrophy of the affected areas of the brain, typically starting at the mesial temporal lobe.

The mechanism by which beta-amyloid peptide and neurofibrillary tangles cause such damage is incompletely understood. There are several theories.

Amyloid hypothesis

The amyloid hypothesis posits that progressive accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brain triggers a complex cascade of events ending in neuronal cell death, loss of neuronal synapses, and progressive neurotransmitter deficits; all of these effects contribute to the clinical symptoms of dementia.

Sustained immune response and inflammation

A sustained immune response and inflammation have been observed in the brain of patients with Alzheimer disease. Some experts have proposed that inflammation is the third core pathologic feature of Alzheimer disease

Prion mechanisms

Prion mechanisms have been identified in Alzheimer disease. In prion diseases, a normal cell-surface brain protein called prion protein becomes misfolded into a pathogenic form termed a prion. The prion then causes other prion proteins to misfold similarly, resulting in a marked increase in the abnormal proteins, which leads to brain damage. In Alzheimer disease, it is thought that the beta-amyloid in cerebral amyloid deposits and tau in neurofibrillary tangles have prion-like, self-replicating properties.

Early-Onset,
Late-Onset, and
Familial.

1. Reduced ability to take in and remember new information, which can lead, for example, to:

Repetitive questions or conversations
Misplacing personal belongings
Forgetting events or appointments
Getting lost on a familiar route

2. Impairments to reasoning, complex tasking, and exercising judgment, for example:

Poor understanding of safety risks
Inability to manage finances
Poor decision-making ability
Inability to plan complex or sequential activities

3. Impaired visuospatial abilities that are not, for example, due to eye sight problems. These could be:

Inability to recognize faces or common objects or to find objects in direct view
Inability to use simple tools, for example, to orient clothing to the body

4. Impaired speaking, reading and writing, for example:

Difficulty thinking of common words while speaking, hesitations
Speech, spelling, and writing errors

5. Changes in personality and behavior, for example:

Out of character mood changes, including agitation, apathy, social withdrawal or a lack of interest, motivation, or initiative
Loss of empathy
Compulsive, obsessive, or socially unacceptable behavior

Changes in personality and behavior

Brain changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease can affect moods and behaviors. Problems may include the following:

Depression
Apathy
Social withdrawal
Mood swings
Distrust in others
Irritability and aggressiveness
Changes in sleeping habits
Wandering
Loss of inhibitions
Delusions, such as believing something has been stolen

A complete physical examination with a detailed neurological exam and mental status examination is needed to evaluate the disease stage and rule out other conditions. Comprehensive clinical assessment can provide reasonable diagnostic accuracy in most patients. A detailed neurological examination is essential to rule out other conditions. In Alzheimer’s disease, the neurological exam is usually normal. The physical exam is normal except for anosmia.

Anosmia is also found in patients with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and TBI with or without dementia, but not in those with VCI or depression. In the advanced stages of Alzheimer’s disease, patients do not have lateralized signs. They eventually become mute, fail to respond to verbal requests, remain confined to bed, and frequently slip into a persistent vegetative state. A mental status examination should assess concentration, attention, recent and remote memory, language, visuospatial functioning, praxis, and executive functioning.

Mental status examination

Brief standard examinations like the mini-mental status examination are less sensitive and specific, although they can be used for screening.

All follow-up visits should include a full mental status examination to evaluate disease progression and the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms

Lab tests:

Blood tests may help your doctor rule out other potential causes of memory loss and confusion, such as a thyroid disorder or vitamin deficiencies.

Mental status and neuropsychological testing:

Your doctor may conduct a brief mental status test or a more extensive set of tests to assess memory and other thinking skills.
Longer forms of neuropsychological testing may provide additional details about mental function compared with people of a similar age and education level.
These tests are also important for establishing a starting point to track the progression of symptoms in the future.

Brain imaging:

Images of the brain are now used chiefly to pinpoint visible abnormalities related to conditions other than Alzheimer’s disease such as strokes, trauma or tumors, that may cause cognitive change.

New imaging applications currently used primarily in major medical centers or in clinical trials — may enable doctors to detect specific brain changes caused by Alzheimer’s.

Imaging of brain structures include the following:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce detailed images of the brain. MRI scans are used primarily to rule out other conditions. While they may show brain shrinkage, the information doesn’t currently add significant value to making a diagnosis.
Computerized tomography (CT): CT scan, a specialized X-ray technology, produces cross-sectional images (slices) of your brain. It’s currently used chiefly to rule out tumors, strokes and head injuries.

Imaging of disease processes can be performed with Positron emission tomography (PET).

During a PET scan, a low-level radioactive tracer is injected into the blood to reveal a particular feature in the brain.

PET imaging may include the following:

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scans show areas of the brain in which nutrients are poorly metabolized. Identifying patterns of degeneration areas of low metabolism can help distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia.
Amyloid PET imaging can measure the burden of amyloid deposits in the brain. This imaging is primarily used in research but may be used if a person has unusual or very early onset of dementia symptoms.
Tau Pet imaging, which measures the burden of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, is only used in research.

In special circumstances, such as rapidly progressive dementia or very early onset dementia, other tests may be used to measure abnormal beta-amyloid or tau in the cerebrospinal fluid.

A key component of a diagnostic assessment is self-reporting about symptoms, as well as the information that a close family member or friend can provide about symptoms and their impact on daily life.

Laboratory and imaging tests can rule out other potential causes or help the doctor better characterize the disease causing dementia symptoms.

Tests:

A diagnostic work-up would likely include the following tests:

Physical and neurological examination:

Your doctor will perform a physical examination and likely assess overall neurological health by testing the following:

Reflexes
Muscle tone and strength
Ability to get up from a chair and walk across the room
Sense of sight and hearing
Coordination
Balance

Pseudodementia,
Lewy body dementia,
Vascular dementia, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

Other disorders to consider and rule out when evaluating for Alzheimer’s disease include

age-associated memory impairment,
alcohol or drug abuse,
vitamin-B12 deficiency,
patients on dialysis,
thyroid problems, and
polypharmacy.

Preliminary, observational evidence suggests that risk of Alzheimer disease may be decreased by the following:

Continuing to do challenging mental activities (eg, learning new skills, doing crossword puzzles) well into old age

Exercising

Controlling hypertension

Lowering cholesterol levels

Consuming a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and low in saturated fats

Drinking alcohol in modest amounts

However, there is no convincing evidence that people who do not drink alcohol should start drinking to prevent Alzheimer disease. Once dementia develops, abstaining from alcohol is usually recommended because alcohol can worsen dementia symptoms.

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Common Homeopathic Remedies for Alzheimer’s:
While homeopathic treatment for Alzheimer’s is highly individualized, there are several commonly used remedies that may be beneficial for addressing symptoms and promoting overall well-being:

HOMEOPATHY MEDICINES FOR Alzheimer’s Disease:

Anacardium orientale: Indicated for memory loss, confusion, and difficulty concentrating.
Baryta carbonica: Suited for mental decline and memory loss, particularly in older adults.
Alumina: Helpful for slow thinking, difficulty finding words, and dullness of mind.
Phosphoric acid: Recommended for mental exhaustion, apathy, and indifference.
Natrum muriaticum: Indicated for memory loss associated with grief, disappointment, or suppressed emotions.
Lycopodium: Beneficial for memory loss, confusion, and anxiety, especially in social situations.
Silicea: Recommended for memory loss and mental fatigue, often accompanied by physical weakness.
In addition to these remedies, lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, mental stimulation, and stress management techniques can also play a significant role in supporting cognitive function and overall well-being.

.gloominess, despondency, sadness, and a dull mind accompanying Alzheimer’s disease.

Aurum Met:

Aurum Met is useful when depression with suicidal tendencies persists in Alzheimer’s disease.
A person requiring Aurum Met also feels he is worthless and of little importance, he feels life is a burden.
Even the slightest contradiction is unbearable and leads to acute anger outbursts in such persons.
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Healthy lifestyle choices promote good overall health and may play a role in maintaining cognitive health.

Exercise:

Regular exercise is an important part of a treatment plan.
Activities such as a daily walk can help improve mood and maintain the health of joints, muscles and the heart.
Exercise can also promote restful sleep and prevent constipation.
People with Alzheimer’s who develop trouble walking may still be able to use a stationary bike or participate in chair exercises.

Nutrition:

People with Alzheimer’s may forget to eat, lose interest in preparing meals or not eat a healthy combination of foods.

They may also forget to drink enough, leading to dehydration and constipation.

Offer the following:

Healthy options:

Buy healthy food options that the person with Alzheimer’s disease likes also can eat.

Water and other healthy beverages:

Try to ensure that a person with Alzheimer’s drinks several glasses of liquids every day.
Avoid beverages with caffeine, which can increase restlessness, interfere with sleep and trigger a frequent need to urinate.

High-calorie, healthy shakes and smoothies:

You can supplement milkshakes with protein powders or make smoothies featuring favorite ingredients.
This may be particularly important when eating becomes more difficult.

Social engagement and activities:

Social interactions and activities can support the abilities and skills that are preserved. Doing things that are meaningful and enjoyable are important for the overall well-being of a person with Alzheimer’s disease.

These might include:

Listening to music or dancing
Reading or listening to books
Gardening or crafts
Social events at senior or memory care centers
Planned activities with children

Coping and support:

People with Alzheimer’s disease experience a mixture of emotions — confusion, frustration, anger, fear, uncertainty, grief and depression.
If you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s, you can help them cope with the disease by being there to listen, reassuring the person that life can still enjoy, providing support, and doing your best to help the person retain dignity and self-respect.
A calm and stable home environment can help reduce behavior problems.
New situations, noise, large groups of people, being rush or press to remember, or being asked to do complicated tasks can cause anxiety.

Caring for the caregiver:

Caring for a person with Alzheimer’s disease is physically and emotionally demanding.
Feelings of anger and guilt, stress and discouragement, worry and grief, and social isolation are common.
Care giving can even take a toll on the caregiver’s physical health.
Paying attention to your own needs and well-being is one of the most important things you can do for yourself and for the person with Alzheimer’s.
Many people with Alzheimer’s and their families benefit from counseling or local support services.
Contact your local Alzheimer’s Association affiliate to connect with support groups, doctors, occupational therapists, resources and referrals, home care agencies, residential care facilities, a telephone help line, and educational seminars.

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline.

Homeopathic Medicines used by Homeopathic Doctors in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease?

Anacardium
Alumina
Cannabis Indica
Medorrhinum
Lac Caninum
Nux Moschata
Ignatia
Aurum Met

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

Repetitive questions or conversations
Forgetting events or appointments
Poor understanding of safety risks
Inability to manage finances
Poor decision-making ability
Inability to recognize faces or common objects
Difficulty thinking
Loss of empathy

What are causes of Alzheimer’s disease?

Genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors
Brain proteins that fail to function normally
Neurons are damaged
Brain has shrunk significantly
Plaques
Tangles

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159442.php
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350453
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-disease-fact-sheet#causes
https://www.drhomeo.com/homeopathic-treatment/homeopathic-medicines-for-alzheimers-disease/
https://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/guide/alzheimers-types
https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/neurologic-disorders/delirium-and-dementia/alzheimer-disease#:~:text=Pathophysiology%20of%20Alzheimer%20Disease&text=The%20beta%2Damyloid%20deposition%20and,at%20the%20mesial%20temporal%20lobe.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499922/

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Homeopathy treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease